Thus 13 of Estonia’s 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. In the counties of Harju and Ida-Viru, however, ethnic Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. The ethnic Russian immigrant minority makes up about 24% of the country’s total population now, but accounts for 35% of the population in Harju county and for a near 70% majority in Ida-Viru county. By 1989, minorities constituted more than one-third of the population, as the number of non-Estonians had grown almost fivefold.
- It has been reported that Estonia has the highest startups per person ratio in the world.
- The railroad serves as a conduit between the West, Russia, and other points.
- The Reformation in central Europe began in 1517, and soon spread northward to Livonia despite some opposition by the Livonian Order.
- The Gini coefficient has held steadily higher than the European Union average , although it has clearly dropped.
Historically, the cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons and simple peasant food. The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. Traditionally perdidos temporada 6 in summer and spring, Estonians like to eat everything fresh – berries, herbs, vegetables, and everything else that comes straight from the garden. Hunting and fishing have also been very common, although currently hunting and fishing are enjoyed mostly as hobbies. The Estonian National Day is the Independence Day celebrated on 24 February, the day the Estonian Declaration of Independence was issued. As of 2013, there are 12 public holidays and 12 national holidays celebrated annually.
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Another important industrial sector is the machinery and chemical industry, which is mainly located in Ida-Viru county and around Tallinn. Since 2008, public debate has discussed whether Estonia should build a nuclear power plant to secure energy production after closure of old units in the Narva Power Plants, if they are not reconstructed by 2016. In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis. However, there are vast disparities in GDP between different areas of Estonia; currently, over half of the country’s GDP is created in Tallinn. In 2008, the GDP per capita of Tallinn stood at 172% of the Estonian average, which makes the per capita GDP of Tallinn as high as 115% of the European Union average, exceeding the average levels of other counties.
In addition, Youth Song Festivals are also held every four or five years, the latest taking place in 2017. There are towns in Estonia with large concentrations of Russian speakers and there are towns where Estonian speakers are in the minority (especially in the northeast, e.g. Narva). Russian is spoken as a secondary language by forty- to seventy-year-old ethnic Estonians, because Russian was the unofficial language of the Estonian SSR from 1944 to 1990 and was taught as a compulsory second language during the Soviet era. In the period between 1990 and 1995, the Russian language was granted an official special status according to Estonian language laws. In 1998, most first- and second-generation industrial immigrants from the former Soviet Union did not speak Estonian. The latter, mostly Russian-speaking ethnic minorities, reside predominantly in the capital city of Tallinn and the industrial urban areas in Ida-Viru county.
Restoration Of Independence
In 1600, the Polish–Swedish War broke out, causing further devastation. The protracted war ended in 1629 with Sweden gaining Livonia, including the regions of Southern Estonia and Northern Latvia. The wars had halved the Estonian population from about 250–270,000 people in the mid 16th century to 115–120,000 in the 1630s. The middle Iron Age produced threats appearing from different directions. Several Scandinavian sagas referred to major confrontations with Estonians, notably when “Estonian Vikings” defeated and killed the Swedish King Ingvar. Similar threats appeared to the east, where East Slavic principalities were expanding westward.
Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one-third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon during the period of German rule, and High German . The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. The official language, Estonian, belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages. Estonian is related to Finnish and is one of the few languages of Europe that is not of an Indo-European origin. Despite some overlaps in the vocabulary due to borrowings, in terms of their origin, Estonian and Finnish are not related to the languages of their nearest geographical neighbouring countries, Swedish, Latvian, and Russian, which are all Indo-European languages.
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Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of early Estonian literature and is still widely read today, particularly his lyrical school novel Kevade . H. Tammsaare’s social epic and psychological realist pentalogy, Truth and Justice, captured the evolution of Estonian society from a poor farmer community to an independent nation. In modern times, Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski are Estonia’s best-known and most-translated writers. Among the most popular writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries are Tõnu Õnnepalu and Andrus Kivirähk, who uses elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, deforming them into the absurd and grotesque. According to the census of 2000 , there were about 1,000 adherents of the Taara faith or Maausk in Estonia .
In 1945 Estonians formed 97% of the population, but by 1989 their share of the population had fallen to 62%. Economically, heavy industry was strongly prioritised, but this did not improve the well-being of the local population, and caused massive environmental damage through pollution. Living standards under the Soviet occupation kept falling further behind nearby independent Finland. The country was heavily militarised, with closed military areas covering 2% of territory. Islands and most of the coastal areas were turned into a restricted border zone which required a special permit for entry. Watching Finnish television was unauthorized, but nevertheless it was watched with a special device made for this purpose.